Sudden Cardiac Arrest vs. Heart Attack: Key Differences
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening medical emergency that occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating due to an irregular heart rhythm. When this happens, blood flow to the brain and other vital organs ceases almost immediately, leading to unconsciousness and, without prompt treatment, death.
However, survival is possible with immediate and appropriate medical care, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Understanding the symptoms, causes, and emergency response for SCA can help save lives.
It is important to note that SCA is not the same as a heart attack. While both involve the heart, they have distinct causes:
- Heart Attack: Occurs due to a blockage in the coronary arteries that restricts blood flow to the heart muscle.
- Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Happens when the heart’s electrical system malfunctions, causing an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that leads to a sudden stop in heart function.
A heart attack can sometimes trigger an electrical disturbance that results in SCA, but the two conditions are not interchangeable.
Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest
SCA typically occurs suddenly, without warning. The primary symptoms include:
- Sudden collapse
- No pulse
- No breathing
- Loss of consciousness
In some cases, people may experience warning signs minutes or hours before SCA, such as:
- Chest discomfort
- Shortness of breath
- Weakness or dizziness
- Rapid or irregular heartbeats (palpitations)
When to Seek Emergency Help
Since SCA is a medical emergency, immediate action is critical. If someone collapses and is unresponsive, follow these steps:
- Call 911 – Seek emergency medical services right away.
- Start CPR – If the person is not breathing, perform chest compressions at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute.
- Use an AED – If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, follow its voice-guided instructions to administer a shock.
Additionally, if you or someone you know experiences symptoms like chest pain, a racing heart, unexplained fainting, or shortness of breath, seek medical attention immediately. Early detection can help prevent life-threatening complications.
How to Perform CPR
If someone experiences sudden cardiac arrest, CPR can double or even triple their chances of survival. Here’s how to do it:
- Check responsiveness – If the person does not respond and has no signs of breathing, begin CPR.
- Push hard and fast – Place your hands in the center of the chest and press down firmly at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute.
- Deliver rescue breaths – If trained in CPR, give rescue breaths after every 30 compressions. If not trained, continue with chest compressions only.
- Use an AED if available – Follow the device’s instructions to deliver an electric shock to restore a normal heart rhythm.
The Importance of AEDs in Saving Lives
Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are portable devices that can assess heart rhythms and deliver a shock if needed. These devices are found in many public places such as airports, malls, and gyms. If used quickly in conjunction with CPR, an AED can significantly increase survival rates.
For those with a high risk of SCA, doctors may recommend having a home AED. Training in CPR and AED use is highly encouraged for everyone, as immediate response can be life-saving.
Conclusion
Sudden cardiac arrest is a critical emergency that requires immediate action. Understanding its symptoms, knowing how to perform CPR, and using an AED when available can make the difference between life and death. If you or someone near you experiences symptoms of SCA, act fast—your quick response could save a life.
